Estudio cualitativo del uso de los cigarrillos electrónicos en los estudiantes universitarios / Qualitative Study of E-Cigarette Use in College Students

Objetivos: El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar el nivel de conocimiento, creencias, percepción y practicas asociadas al consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos en los estudiantes universitarios (UASD), recinto Santiago, República Dominicana. Cada estudiante firmó un consentimiento informado certificando que éste respondió cada pregunta realizada por el entrevistador de manera voluntaria. El método de recolección de los datos fue mediante entrevistas, las cuales fueron grabadas por los entrevistadores. La muestra fue de 53 entrevistas, 48 individuales y 5 grupos focales, la misma se tomó hasta alcanzar el punto de saturación de cada pregunta, es decir cuando todas las respuestas se tornaron repetitivas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico y de fuentes primarias en el período mayo-agosto del año 2019 en la universidad privada Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM) y la universidad pública Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo. (UASD), campus Santiago, República Dominicana. El método de recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas, las cuales fueron grabadas por los entrevistadores. Cada estudiante entrevistado firmó un consentimiento informado certificando que respondió voluntariamente a cada pregunta formulada por el entrevistador. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 53 entrevistas, 48 personas y cinco grupos focales. Las entrevistas se realizaron hasta llegar al punto de saturación de cada pregunta, que es cuando todas las respuestas se volvieron repetitivas. Resultados: El conocimiento que tiene los estudiantes universitarios sobre cigarrillo electrónico (CE), es pobre, desde su funcionamiento, partes, sustancias e incluso las posibles complicaciones que puede traer a la salud, tanto en la Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM) como en la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD), pero es más notable en la universidad pública. Por otro lado, muchos perciben el CE, como una alternativa del uso de tabaco, que posee diversidad de sabores, olor agradable, atractivo, práctico y capaz de ofrecer relajación. En cuanto a la actitud hacia el dispositivo, en PUCMM exhibe un mayor nivel de rechazo con respecto al uso. Es importante mencionar, que mayoría de los entrevistados son o alguna vez fueron usuarios de este, no obstante, no lo recomiendan en gran medida, ya que asumen que puede causar daño y ser adictivo, aunque en menor medida al cigarrillo convencional. La población más susceptible a su uso, son los jóvenes y el sexo masculino, aunque las féminas se han ido sumando de manera significativa. De igual modo, se logró apreciar las grandes influencias que mueven a los jóvenes a su consumo, incluyendo, las redes sociales, familia, amigos, en general el entorno en que se rodean. Conclusión: Concluimos que los estudiantes universitarios carecen de conocimiento con respecto al cigarrillo electrónico, tanto en el funcionamiento, sustancias y complicaciones para la salud. Muchos observan al cigarrillo electrónico como un dispositivo para fumar con un olor agradable, por lo cual puede ser muy atractivo para los usuarios. Se logró apreciar el importante papel que juegan las influencias sociales para el uso del dispositivo, promovido por las redes sociales y relaciones cercanas. Otro problema en la sociedad actual es el uso de CE en menores de edad. Según los resultados existe una gran necesidad de intervención y educación, principalmente en los jóvenes.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine the level of knowledge, beliefs, perception, and practices associated with consuming electronic cigarettes among university students. Materials and methods: A qualitative study of phenome-nological type and from primary sources was carried out in the period of May-August of the year 2019 at the private university Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Mae-stra (PUCMM) and the public university Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD), Santiago campus, Dominican Republic. The data collection method was done through interviews, which the interviewers recorded. Each student interviewed signed an informed consent cer-tifying that they answered voluntarily each question asked by the interviewer. The sample consisted of 53 interviews, 48 individuals, and five focus groups. Interviews were done until reaching the saturation point of each question, which is when all the answers became repetitive. Results: University students' knowledge regarding elec-tronic cigarettes (EC) is poor. Knowledge regarding its mechanism, parts, substances, and possible complications to one's health, is scarce both in PUCMM and the UASD, but this is more notable at the public university. Addition-ally, many perceive EC as an alternative to tobacco use, the former, as per our study population, having a variety of fla-vors, a pleasant smell, being attractive, practical, and capa-ble of offering relaxation. Regarding the attitude towards the device, PUCMM exhibits a higher level of rejection regarding its use. It is essential to mention that most inter-viewees were once users of EC. However, they do not rec-ommend it to a great extent since they assume that it can cause harm and be addictive, although to a lesser extent than conventional cigarettes. The population most suscep-tible to its use are young people, including minors and the male gender, although females have been significantly increasing its use. Similarly, it was possible to appreciate the influences that greatly evoke the younger population's consumption, including social networks, family, friends, and the surrounding environment. Conclusion: We concluded that university students have insufficient knowledge regarding electronic cigarettes, both in their mechanism, substances, and health compli-cations. Most see electronic cigarettes as smoking devices with a pleasant smell, which can be very attractive to users. It was possible to observe the critical role played by social influences on the use of the device, promoted by social networks and close relationships. Another problem in cur-rent society is the use of CE in minors. According to the results, there is a great need for intervention and educa-tion, mainly among the younger generation.

Cigarros eletrônicos e suas consequências histopatológicas relacionadas à doenças pulmonares / E-cigarettes and histopathological consequences related to lung diseases

O cigarro eletrônico surgiu como uma tentativa para minimizar a dependência ao uso de tabaco, entretanto, engloba controvérsias e dúvidas acerca das reais implicações para o organismo humano. Diante disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura a fim de relacionar o uso de cigarro eletrônico com suas consequências para os humanos. Os estudos analisados relatam experimentos in vitro e in vivo em camundongos, demonstrando menor concentração de poluentes e nocividades no cigarro eletrônico comparado ao convencional, porém, seu potencial efeito maléfico está relacionado à composição do e-líquido, à maneira do uso e à variedade de aromas presentes nos produtos. Além disso, foram verificadas lesões celulares, hiperreatividade das vias aéreas, liberação de citocinas ­ IL-8, IL-10 e TNF, redução da ação antimicrobiana de queratinócitos e potencial apoptose nas células alveolares. Foi observado também um aumento em até cinco vezes da concentração de carboxihemoglobina em comparação ao cigarro comum e um aumento na auto renovação de células de adenocarcinoma pulmonar de células não pequenas, devido à expressão de SOX2. Observa-se também que em casos de DPOC, o cigarro eletrônico não apresenta agravamentos na fisiologia respiratória, contrapondo outras ocorrências como asma, pneumonia, câncer de pulmão e doenças infecciosas que podem ser ocasionadas ou exacerbadas pelo seu uso. Contudo, pelo curto prazo de observação de seus efeitos, não é possível determinar com precisão a segurança dos cigarros eletrônicos, dessa forma, faz-se necessário que mais pesquisas longitudinais sejam desenvolvidas, auxiliando, assim, na construção de evidências sobre a segurança dos cigarros eletrônicos e na regulamentação futura do produto.

Electronic cigarettes emerged as an attempt to minimize tobacco dependence. However, its use is surrounded by controversies and doubts about the real implications for the human organism. Therefore, this study aims at performing a review of the most recent literature to corelate the use of e-cigarettes with their consequences for the human body. The analyzed studies relate in vitro and in vivo experiments on mice, demonstrating lower concentration of pollutants and harmfulness in the electronic cigarette than in conventional cigarettes. However, its potential harmful effect is related to the composition of the e-liquid, in its use and in the variety of aromas in the products. In addition, cellular lesions, airway hyperreactivity, release of IL-8, IL-10 and TNF cytokines could be observed, as well as reduced keratinocyte antimicrobial action and potential apoptosis in alveolar cells. An increase of up to five-fold the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in comparison to ordinary cigarettes and an increase in self-renewal of non-small pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells due to the expression of SOX2 have also been related. It could also be observed that in COPD cases, e-cigarettes do not present worsening in respiratory physiology, which contrasts with other occurrences such as asthma, pneumonia, lung cancer, and infectious diseases that can be caused or exacerbated by its use. However, due to the short term of observation of the effects, the safety of e-cigarettes could not be accurately determined, thus, the need for further longitudinal research is necessary, which could be used to help build evidence about the safety of e-cigarettes and also to create future regulation of the product.

Detection of Synthetic Cannabinoid CUMYL-PEGACLONE in E-Cigarette Oil and Hair / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To establish a combined high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to detect the synthetic cannabinoid CUMYL-PEGACLONE in e-cigarette oil and hair.@*METHODS@#HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS were used to establish the detection method of CUMYL-PEGACLONE, and the hair of drug-involved persons and the seized e-cigarette oil were detected.@*RESULTS@#The main mass spectrometry characteristic ions m/z of CUMYL-PEGACLONE measured by GC-MS were 91, 179, 197, 254 and 372. CUMYL-PEGACLONE had a good linear relationship in the mass concentration range of 2-50 ng/mL, and the linear correlation coefficient (r) was greater than 0.99. The limit of detection (LOD) of CUMYL-PEGACLONE in hair was 0.01 ng/mg, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.02 ng/mg. The LOD of CUMYL-PEGACLONE in e-cigarette oil was 1 ng/mg, and the LOQ was 2 ng/mg. The average recoveries of CUMYL-PEGACLONE under the attempt at high, intermediate and low levels in blank human hair and e-cigarette oil matrix were 98.2%-132.4% and 93.5%-110.6%, and the intraday and intraday precision were 1.2%-12.9% and 0.7%-2.9%. CUMYL-PEGACLONE was detected in the hair of 15 drug-involved persons. Except for 1 person who was lower than LOQ, the concentration of CUMYL-PEGACLONE in the hair of other 14 persons was 0.035-0.563 ng/mg. The mass fraction of CUMYL-PEGACLONE in 2 e-cigarette oil were 0.17% and 0.21%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The established HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS methods are applied to the detection of HPLC-MS/MS in drug-related cases, which provides strong evidence support for the handling authority to quickly investigate these cases, and also provides a reference for the identification of such substances in future.

Study on epidemiological status of e-cigarette use among adolescent in Zhejiang province, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To describe the prevalence of e-cigarette use among adolescent in Zhejiang province, and to analyze its distribution of different genders and school types to provide evidence for controlling the use of e-cigarette among adolescent. Methods: A total of 7 663 students from 60 middle schools through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling methods from Zhejiang province were surveyed by using questionnaire. Indicators as tried to use e-cigarette rate, current e-cigarette using rate, and other indicators were collected. All data were weighted by age proportions of adolescent in Zhejiang. Results: The prevalence of tried to use and current using e-cigarettes among middle school students were 6.99% and 1.45%, respectively; and there were 4.19% juniors who were susceptibility to future e-cigarette use. The rate of tied to use e-cigarette, current using e-cigarette and susceptibility to future e-cigarette use were higher in boys than in girls. The rate of current using e-cigarette was 2.07% for rural and 0.48% for urban. Technical secondary school students had the highest rate of tried to use e-cigarette and susceptibility to future e-cigarette use (13.53%, 6.91%). Junior school students (2.96%) had the lowest level of susceptibility to future tobacco use. The rate of tried e-cigarette use and current e-cigarette use and susceptibility to future e-cigarette use were higher in the group of "One of students' parents was smoker" (8.63%, 2.19%, 5.23%). The highest rate of current smoking was found in the group of "Weekly allowance more than 50 Yuan" (10.02%, 2.54%, 6.29%). Compared to technical secondary school students, senior school student (OR=0.57) and junior school students (OR=0.45) were less likely to try to use e-cigarette. Students whose weekly allowance were less than 20 Yuan were less likely to try to use e-cigarette (OR=0.49). Students who were boys (OR=5.44) and one of their parents was smoker (OR=1.59) were more likely to try to use e-cigarette. Conclusions: There were middle school students with tried e-cigarette use and current e-cigarette use, especially in technical secondary schools. The prevalence of e-cigarette using among middle school students increased with age. It is important to further spread of e-cigarette knowledge widely and deeply, and reduce the susceptible population of adolescents using e-cigarettes.

Dysphonia in Smokers of Combustible Cigarettes and E-cigarettes Measured Using the Filipino Voice Handicap Index

@#<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the prevalence of dysphonia, defined as any perceived voice pathology, in conventional cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users and to quantify and compare the Filipino Voice Handicap Index (VHI) scores of the two groups based on the mean scores for each of the three domains of this tool, as well as the mean total score for each group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong></p><p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional study</p><p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Setting: </strong>Tertiary National University Hospital</p><p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Participants: </strong>52 adults between the ages 18-65 with no previously known laryngeal illness or condition were divided into 26 conventional smokers and 26 e-cigarette users and completed the self-administered Filipino Voice Handicap Index.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of impairment in the sample using a total VHI score cut-off of 18 was 17.31% (9 out of 52, CI 8.23-30.32%) and the prevalence of dysphonic symptoms in the sample was 86.54% (45 out of 52, CI 74.21-94.41%). There were no significant differences between smokers and e-cigarette users for impairment using this cut-off (z: -1.36, p: .07) and dysphonic symptoms (z: 0.4063, p: .68). The prevalence of moderate impairment was 3.85% (1 out of 26, CI: 0.10-19.64%) among those using e-cigarettes; and 1.92% (1 out of 52, CI: 0.04-10.26%) among the entire sample population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There appears to be no statistically significant difference between the Filipino VHI scores of conventional smokers and e-cigarette users. Further inquiry into the subject would benefit from a larger sample size, comparison with a control group, inclusion of other factors relevant to the development of dysphonia, and correlation with objective means for voice analysis.</p>

Lesión pulmonar asociada al uso de cigarrillos electrónicos o productos de vapeo (EVALI): a propósito de un caso relacionado a neumonía eosinofílica aguda / Lung injury associated with the use of electronic cigarettes or vaping products (EVALI): Apropos of a case related to acute eosinophilic pneumonia

La lesión pulmonar asociada al uso de cigarrillos electrónicos o vapeo (EVALI) es una enfermedad respiratoria aguda o subaguda que puede ser grave y potencialmente mortal. Vapear es el proceso de inhalar un aerosol creado al calentar una sustancia como la nicotina o el tetrahidrocannabinol (THC) con un dispositivo electrónico que funciona con baterías, como un cigarrillo electrónico. En el mundo se han descrito más de 2.000 casos, 2/3 hombres, entre los 13 y 75 años. A continuación, presentamos un caso de una paciente de 15 años, con antecedente de consumo de cigarrillo y cannabis vapeado, quien es llevada por sus padres a una institución de alta complejidad por un cuadro respiratorio agudo grave, descartando inicialmente infección por SARS-CoV-2, en quien finalmente se confirma una EVALI manifestada histológicamente como neumonía eosinofílica aguda.

Vaping or electronic cigarettes (E-cigarette vaping) can induce acute or subacute lung pulmonary which can be serious and potentially life-threatening. Vaping is the process by which a substance such as nicotine or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is heated creating aerosols that are inhaled using different devices such as E-cigarette that work on batteries. In the world, there are more than 2000 cases described of which two-thirds are males between the ages of 13 and 75 years of age. Here we present the case of a 15-year-old female patient, with prior use of cigarettes and vaping of cannabis, that is brought to the emergency room by her parents with acute respiratory complains during de COVID 19 pandemic and was finally diagnosed as acute eosinophilic pneumonia as a histological manifestation of EVALI.

Percepción y prevalencia del consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos en estudiantes de Medicina / Electronic cigarettes perception and prevalence among medical students

Diversos estudios advierten de la relación a corto plazo entre el uso de los cigarrillos electrónicos y enfermedades pulmonares, cardiovasculares, además de su potencial adictivo. No existen estudios al respecto en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. MÉTODOS: Este estudio descriptivo transversal, mide la prevalencia de consumo, percepción de riesgo, motivaciones y actitudes del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en estudiantes de Medicina, mediante un cuestionario online. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 354 sujetos, 32,9% han utilizado cigarrillos electrónicos alguna vez en la vida, 6,8% en el último año y 1,1% en el último mes. La edad media de inicio fue 18,0 ± 2,2 años. Respecto a las percepciones positivas hacia los cigarrillos electrónicos: 37,1% cree que ayudan a la gente a dejar de fumar; 39,7% que son menos peligrosos que los cigarrillos y 19,0% que son menos adictivos. El consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos alguna vez en la vida se asoció al consumo de tabaco y percepciones positivas hacia cigarrillos electrónicos (efectivo para dejar de fumar y menos adictivos que los cigarrillos). Las principales motivaciones al consumo fueron "simplemente porque sí", "porque me gusta el sabor", "me lo recomendó un amigo/familiar" y "porque me relaja". CONCLUSIÓN: Se sugiere prohibir la promoción de los cigarrillos electrónicos como una opción menos dañina y adictiva que el cigarrillo, tampoco como alternativa para dejar de fumar, puesto que la evidencia científica no es suficiente para respaldar tales afirmaciones. Este estudio puede contribuir a la prevención de consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos en poblaciones jóvenes.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies warn of the short-term relationship between the use of electronic cigarettes and lung and cardiovascular diseases, in addition to their addictive potential. There are no studies in this regard in Chilean university students. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study measures the prevalence of consumption, risk perception, motivations and attitudes of e-cigarette use in medical students, using an online questionnaire. RESULTS: We analyzed 354 subjects, 32.9% have used electronic cigarettes once in their lives, 6.8% in the last year and 1.1% in the last month. The mean age of onset was 18.0 ± 2.2 years. Regarding positive perceptions towards e-cigarettes: 37.1% believe they help people quit smoking; 39.7% that they are less dangerous than cigarettes and 19.0% that they are less addictive. E-cigarette use was once in a lifetime associated with tobacco use and positive perceptions toward e-cigarettes (effective for quitting smoking and less addictive than cigarettes). The main motivations for consumption were "simply because I do", "because I like the taste", "it was recommended to me by a friend/family member" and "because it relaxes me". CONCLUSION: It is suggested to ban the promotion of e-cigarettes as a less harmful and addictive option than cigarettes, nor as an alternative to quitting smoking, since scientific evidence is not sufficient to support such claims. This study may contribute to the prevention of e-cigarette use in young populations.

Risco de iniciação ao tabagismo com o uso de cigarros eletrônicos: revisão sistemática e meta-análise / Risk of initiation to smoking with the use of electronic cigarettes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a associação entre uso de cigarros eletrônicos e iniciação ao tabagismo, por meio de uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de estudos longitudinais. Busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS e PsycInfo. As etapas de seleção de referências, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente e as divergências discutidas com um terceiro pesquisador para obtenção de consenso. Meta-análise foi realizada por meio do modelo Mantel-Haenszel de efeitos aleatórios. Dentre os 25 estudos incluídos, 22 avaliaram o desfecho de experimentação de cigarro convencional e nove avaliaram o desfecho de tabagismo atual (nos últimos 30 dias). A meta-análise demonstrou que o uso de cigarro eletrônico aumentou em quase três vezes e meia o risco de experimentação de cigarro convencional (RR=3,42; IC95% 2,81-4,15) e em mais de quatro vezes o risco de tabagismo atual (RR=4,32; IC95% 3,13-5,94). O risco de iniciação ao tabagismo é significativamente maior entre usuários de cigarro eletrônico. A liberação da comercialização desses dispositivos pode representar uma ameaça para as políticas de saúde pública no Brasil.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the association between the use of electronic cigarettes and initiation to smoking, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. A bibliographic search was performed on the MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and PsycInfo databases. Reference selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were independently carried out in pairs, and the disagreements were discussed with a third researcher to reach a consensus. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects model. Among the 25 studies included, 22 evaluated the outcome of conventional cigarette experimentation and nine assessed the outcome of current smoking (in the last 30 days). The meta-analysis showed that the use of electronic cigarettes increased the risk of conventional cigarette experimentation by almost three and a half times (RR=3.42; 95%CI 2.81-4.15), and by more than four times the risk of current smoking (RR=4.32; 95%CI 3.13-5.94). The risk of smoking initiation is significantly higher among electronic cigarette users. The marketing authorization of such devices may represent a threat to public health policies in Brazil.

Intercambio desde los cigarrillos convencionales a los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina: revisión sistemática rápida con metaanálisis y aspectos económicos / Switching from cigarettes to electronic nicotine delivery system: rapid systematic review and meta-analysis and economic aspects

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar cómo y en qué medida se produce un intercambio desde los cigarrillos convencionales (CC) a los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina (SEAN). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática hasta agosto de 2019. El desenlace primario fue la proporción de un intercambio completo o parcial de CC a los SEAN y sus aspectos económicos. Los desenlaces secundarios como medidas de resultado fueron la probabilidad de intercambio y la tendencia en el intercambio por países. Resultados. Se encontraron 3628 referencias y se incluyeron 49 estudios con datos epidemiológicos y económicos. Los estudios económicos sobre la elasticidad cruzada de precios mostraron que los CC son parcialmente intercambiables por SEAN. La mayoría de los estudios reportaron que la prevalencia del consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos se incrementó con el tiempo. Tres estudios reportaron una reducción significativa de los CC consumidos por día entre fumadores duales (convencionales más SEAN) en comparación con los consumidores de CC. El odds ratio ajustado y combinado de dejar los CC entre consumidores de SEAN en comparación con quienes nunca consumieron o lo hicieron en el pasado fue de 1,19 (IC95%: 1,09-1,30; heterogeneidad 0%). Los estudios longitudinales mostraron una creciente prevalencia del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos, principalmente en adolescentes. Se encontró una relación negativa entre el consumo y aumento de precio de CC y electrónicos. Conclusión. La probabilidad de dejar de fumar CC entre consumidores habituales de SEAN se incrementó respecto a los consumidores que nunca o que solían consumir SEAN. Estudios económicos reportaron que los cigarrillos electrónicos son parcialmente intercambiables por los CC.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess how and in what extent the electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use substituted the consumption of traditional combustible cigarettes (c-cigarettes, c-cig). Materials and Methods. We performed a systematic review of the literature up to August 2019 in scientific databases. Primary outcomes were proportion of complete or partial substitution of conventional to electronic cigarettes and related economic aspects. Secondary outcomes were odds ratio of substitution and country-wise time trends. Results. We retrieved 3,628 references and included 49 studies, providing economic and epidemiological data. Economic studies of cross-price elasticity showed that combustible cigarettes are partially substitutable for electronic cigarettes. Most studies reported that electronic cigarettes consumption prevalence increased over time. Three studies reported a significant reduction of combustible cigarettes consumed per day among dual users (combustible- plus electronic- cigarettes users) versus combustible-cigarettes users. The pooled adjusted odds ratio of quitting combustible cigarettes among electronic cigarettes users versus never or past electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, e-cig) users was 1.19 (95% confidence interval 1.09 to 1.30; heterogeneity score 0%). Longitudinal studies showed globally a growing prevalence of electronic cigarettes use, mainly in adolescents. A negative relationship between consumption and price increase of electronic and combustible cigarettes was found. Conclusion. The chance of quitting smoking combustible cigarettes among current electronic nicotine delivery systems users was increased with respect to never- or past- electronic nicotine delivery systems users. Economic studies reported that electronic cigarette is partially substitutable for combustible cigarettes.

Tobacco use among transgender and gender non-binary youth in Brazil / Uso de tabaco entre jovens transgêneros e não-binários do Brasil

Abstract Transgender and gender non-binary youth are particularly vulnerable to tobacco smoking and susceptible to smoking adverse health outcomes. That is, they are in special risk to start smoking and, after starting, they may face worse outcomes when comparing to their cisgender peers. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate factors associated with tobacco use among transgender and gender non-binary youth. Brazilian youth aged 16 to 25 who identify as transgender or gender non-binary answered an online questionnaire. Poisson regression with robust variance was run to predict smoking cigarettes based on individual and environmental factors. 14.1% of 206 youth reported smoking cigarettes daily, whereas 9.3% of participants reported smoking e-cigarettes occasionally. Drug use, lack of social support, deprivation, discrimination, the wait for medical gender-affirming procedures and being outside school were associated with smoking cigarettes. Contextual and individual factors should be further explored in causal analysis and taken into consideration when planning smoking prevention and cessation interventions for transgender and gender non-binary youth.

Resumo Jovens transgêneros e não-binários são particularmente vulneráveis ao tabagismo e suscetíveis a seus malefícios a saúde. Ou seja, esses grupos estão em especial risco para começar a fumar e, após o início, tendem a apresentar resultados piores quando comparados a seus pares cisgêneros. Sendo assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar fatores associados ao uso do tabaco em jovens transgêneros e não-binários. Jovens brasileiros, com idade entre 16 e 25 anos, que se identificam como transgêneros ou não-binários responderam um questionário on-line. Uma Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi realizada para predizer o consumo de cigarros com base em fatores individuais e ambientais. 14,1% de 206 jovens relataram fumar cigarros diariamente, enquanto 9,3% dos participantes revelaram fumar cigarros eletrônicos ocasionalmente. Uso de drogas, falta de suporte social, experiências de privação, discriminação, espera para procedimentos médicos de afirmação de gênero e evasão escolar foram associados ao consumo de cigarros entre jovens transgêneros e não-binários brasileiros. Sendo assim, os fatores individuais e contextuais citados devem receber especial enfoque no planejamento de intervenções de prevenção e interrupção do tabagismo voltados a jovens transgêneros e não-binários brasileiros.

Cigarro Eletrônico: Mocinho ou vilão? / Cigarrillo Electrónico: ¿Bueno o malo? / Electronic Cigarette: Good guy or bad guy?

RESUMEN Objetivo: Discutir los efectos sobre la salud causados por el uso de cigarrillos electrónicos. Material y métodos: Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed/Medline de artículos completos publicados en los últimos 10 años. Se utilizaron un total de 21 artículos, según los criterios de inclusión establecidos, con mayor prevalencia de estudios transversales. Resultados: Se encontró que los cigarrillos electrónicos pueden incluso ayudar en el cese del tabaquismo convencional, sin embargo, sus usuarios no están exentos de sufrir complicaciones de salud sistémicas. Estos contienen sustancias tóxicas y no deben considerarse completamente seguros e inofensivos. Conclusiones: se necesitan más estudios para determinar las implicaciones para la salud a largo plazo del uso de este deben considerarse completamente seguros e inofensivos.

SUMMARY Objective: to discuss the health effects caused by the use of electronic cigarettes. Material and Methods : A search was performed in the PubMed/Medline database of complete articles published in the last 10 years. A total of 21 articles were used, according to the established inclusion criteria, with a higher prevalence of cross-sectional studies. Results: It was verified that electronic cigarettes may even help in the cessation of conventional smoking, however, their users are not exempt from suffering systemic health complications. They present toxic substances and should not be considered totally safe and harmless. Conclusions : Further studies are still needed to determine the implications of the use of this electronic device on the health of its users in the long term.

Adolescent smoking: A cross-sectional study on the knowledge, attitude and practices of Filipino adolescents in a tertiary hospital

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective.</strong> The study aims to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Filipino adolescents aged 13-18 years old regarding cigarette smoking.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods.</strong> This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that utilized a questionnaire adapted from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results.</strong> The prevalence among study participants who tried smoking (11.8%) and current users (3.6%) is lower than the global statistics and the country's reported prevalence, but started at a younger age (5.3% started smoking at 12-13 years old). Electronic cigarette (12.9%) is more commonly tried and used than conventional cigarettes (11.8%). Ninety five percent (95%) of the participants view smoking as harmful. Some (13.5%) do not know the effects of smoking, 1.1% consider it harmless, and 8.2% have no objections to starting to smoke someday. Most adolescents (49.1%) do not know the price of cigarettes, but 22% prefer to pay less than the actual price.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion.</strong> Adolescents are knowledgeable and have a negative attitude towards smoking. Regardless if they are non-smokers, tried smoking, or are currently smoking, they still need to be educated more regarding the effects and consequences of smoking.</p>

Prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems and waterpipe use in Brazil: where are we going? / Prevalência de uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar e de uso de narguilé no Brasil: para onde estamos caminhando?

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and waterpipe in Brazil, by population subgroups, and to evaluate the trend between 2013 and 2019. Methods We used data from the 2019 National Health Survey to estimate the prevalence of lifetime and current use of ENDS and current use of waterpipes by socio-behavioral characteristics. Differences in prevalence over time were calculated using data from the III Brazilian Household Survey on Substance Use-2015 and the National Health Survey-2013. Results For 2019, the prevalence of current use of ENDS was estimated at 0.64% (∼1 million people), of which ∼70% were in the age group of 15-24 years old. The highest prevalence was observed in the Midwest region, but the Southeast region concentrates half of these users. Almost 90% are non-smokers, with high prevalence among those who also use waterpipe and abuse alcohol. There was an increase in ENDS use between 2015 and 2019, particularly among younger people. The prevalence of current waterpipe use in 2019 was estimated at 0.47% (∼800,000 individuals), of which ∼80% were 15-24 years old. There was an increase in the prevalence of current waterpipe use between 2013 and 2019, and among young people the increase was ∼300%. Conclusions In Brazil, ENDS have been used mostly by young people, and by never smokers of manufactured cigarettes. The use of ENDS and waterpipe has been increasing even with the country's regulatory restrictions, which may compromise the successful history of the tobacco control policy.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever as prevalências de uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar e de narguilé no Brasil, por subgrupos populacionais, e avaliar tendências entre 2013 e 2019. Métodos: Os dados principais analisados são da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. Estimaram-se prevalências de uso na vida e atual de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar e de uso atual de narguilé segundo características sociocomportamentais. Os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde-2019 sobre dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar foram comparados aos do III Levantamento Nacional sobre Uso de Drogas pela População Brasileira e os dados sobre narguilé comparados aos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Resultados: Para 2019, estimou-se a prevalência de uso atual de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar em 0,64% (∼1 milhão de pessoas), dos quais ∼70% tinham 15-24 anos. A maior prevalência está na região Centro-Oeste, mas o Sudeste concentra metade absoluta desses usuários. Quase 90% são não fumantes, e maiores prevalências foram encontradas entre quem usa também narguilé e álcool abusivo. Observou-se aumento nas estimativas de uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar entre 2015 e 2019, especialmente entre os mais jovens. A prevalência de uso atual de narguilé em 2019 foi estimada em 0,47% (∼800 mil indivíduos), dos quais ∼80% tinham 15-24 anos. Houve aumento na prevalência de uso atual de narguilé entre 2013 e 2019, e entre jovens o aumento foi de ∼300%. Conclusões: No Brasil os dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar têm sido utilizados majoritariamente por jovens e por nunca fumantes de cigarros industrializados. O uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar e de narguilé vem aumentando, mesmo com as restrições regulatórias do país, podendo comprometer o exitoso histórico da política de controle do tabagismo.

Dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar nas capitais brasileiras: prevalência, perfil de uso e implicações para a Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco / Electronic nicotine delivery systems in Brazilian state capitals: prevalence, profile of use, and implications for the National Tobacco Control Policy / Dispositivos electrónicos para fumar en las capitales brasileñas: prevalencia, perfil de uso e implicaciones para la Política Nacional de Control del Tabaco

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar (DEF) e explorar o fluxo lógico esperado do potencial impacto dos DEF na iniciação de cigarro convencional. Foram utilizados dados da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel) de 2019, que entrevistou 52.443 indivíduos de 18 anos ou mais das 26 capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal. Foram calculados as prevalências pontuais e os intervalos de confiança (IC95%) de uso atual e na vida de DEF em cada capital brasileira, e avaliado o perfil dos usuários destes dispositivos. Estimou-se a prevalência de uso na vida em 6,7% (IC95%: 6,13-7,27) e uso atual em 2,32% (IC95%: 1,97-2,68). São 2,4 milhões de indivíduos que já usaram DEF e 835 mil que usam atualmente. Cerca de 80% das pessoas que já usaram DEF têm entre 18 e 34 anos. A prevalência de uso diário e uso dual entre jovens de 18 a 24 anos foi quase 10 vezes a prevalência nas faixas etárias superiores. Mais da metade dos indivíduos que usaram DEF na vida nunca fumaram. A proporção de mulheres e de indivíduos com escolaridade mais elevada foi maior no grupo de jovens que faz uso exclusivo de DEF do que entre os que usam cigarros convencionais exclusivamente. Também, usuários de dispositivos apresentaram maior consumo abusivo de álcool. Nossos achados vão em sentido oposto ao argumento da indústria do tabaco de que o público-alvo dos DEF são fumantes adultos. E, dado que grupos, a princípio, menos propícios ao uso de cigarros convencionais estão tendo sua iniciação com o DEF, os resultados alertam sobre o possível impacto negativo da disseminação dos dispositivos sobre a exitosa experiência do Brasil no combate ao tabagismo.

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and to explore the potential impact of ENDS use on smoking initiation with conventional cigarettes. We used data from the Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Non-Comunicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview (Vigitel), 2019 edition, which interviewed 52,443 individuals 18 years or older in Brazil's 26 state capitals and the Federal District. Point prevalence rates and confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for current and ever use of ENDS in each state capital, and the profile of ENDS users were described. Prevalence of lifetime use was estimated at 6.7% (95%CI: 6.13-7.27) and current use at 2.32% (95%CI: 1.97-2.68). A total of 2.4 million individuals had used ENDS any time in life, and 835,000 were currently using them. Approximately 80% of persons who had used ENDS were 18 to 34 years-old. Prevalence rates for daily use and dual use in individuals aged 18 to 24 years were nearly 10 times than prevalence in the older age groups. More than half of individuals who had ever used ENDS were never smokers. The proportion of women and individuals with high educational level were higher in the group of young people who only used ENDS than among those who only smoked conventional cigarettes. ENDS users also presented a higher proportion of binge drinking. Our findings are opposite to the tobacco industry's argument that the target public for ENDS is adult smokers. Considering that groups purportedly less prone to using conventional cigarettes are experiencing initiation with ENDS, our findings call attention to the possible negative impact of the dissemination of ENDS on Brazil's successful experience in the fight against tobacco.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia del uso de dispositivos electrónicos para fumar (DEF) e investigar el flujo lógico esperado del potencial impacto de los DEF en la iniciación de para fumar cigarrillos convencionales. Se utilizaron datos de la Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica (Vigitel) de 2019, que entrevistó a 52.443 individuos de 18 años o más de las 26 capitales brasileñas y el Distrito Federal. Se calcularon prevalencias puntuales e intervalos de confianza (IC95%) de consumo actual y en la vida de DEF en cada capital brasileña, y se evaluó el perfil de los usuarios de DEF. Se estimó una prevalencia de consumo en la vida de 6,7% (IC95%: 6,13-7,27) y consumo actual 2,32% (IC95%: 1,97-2,68). Son 2,4 millones de individuos que ya usaron DEF y 835 mil que lo usan actualmente. Cerca de un 80% de las personas que ya usó DEF tiene entre 18 y 34 años. La prevalencia de uso diario y uso dual entre jóvenes de 18 a 24 años fue casi 10 veces la prevalencia en las franjas etarias superiores. Más de la mitad de los individuos que usaron DEF en la vida nunca fumaron. La proporción de mujeres y de individuos de escolaridad más elevada es mayor en el grupo de jóvenes que usa exclusivamente DEF, que entre los que consumen cigarrillos convencionales exclusivamente. También, los usuarios de DEF presentaron un mayor consumo abusivo de alcohol. Nuestros resultados van en el sentido opuesto al argumento de la industria del tabaco de que el público-objetivo de los DEF son fumadores adultos. Y, dado que grupos, en un principio menos propicios al consumo de cigarrillos convencionales, están iniciándose con el DEF, los resultados alertan sobre el posible impacto negativo de la diseminación de los DEF sobre la exitosa experiencia de Brasil en el combate al tabaquismo.

Dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar nas capitais brasileiras: prevalência, perfil de uso e implicações para a Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco / Electronic nicotine delivery systems in Brazilian state capitals: prevalence, profile of use, and implications for the National Tobacco Control Policy / Dispositivos electrónicos para fumar en las capitales brasileñas: prevalencia, perfil de uso e implicaciones para la Política Nacional de Control del Tabaco

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar (DEF) e explorar o fluxo lógico esperado do potencial impacto dos DEF na iniciação de cigarro convencional. Foram utilizados dados da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel) de 2019, que entrevistou 52.443 indivíduos de 18 anos ou mais das 26 capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal. Foram calculados as prevalências pontuais e os intervalos de confiança (IC95%) de uso atual e na vida de DEF em cada capital brasileira, e avaliado o perfil dos usuários destes dispositivos. Estimou-se a prevalência de uso na vida em 6,7% (IC95%: 6,13-7,27) e uso atual em 2,32% (IC95%: 1,97-2,68). São 2,4 milhões de indivíduos que já usaram DEF e 835 mil que usam atualmente. Cerca de 80% das pessoas que já usaram DEF têm entre 18 e 34 anos. A prevalência de uso diário e uso dual entre jovens de 18 a 24 anos foi quase 10 vezes a prevalência nas faixas etárias superiores. Mais da metade dos indivíduos que usaram DEF na vida nunca fumaram. A proporção de mulheres e de indivíduos com escolaridade mais elevada foi maior no grupo de jovens que faz uso exclusivo de DEF do que entre os que usam cigarros convencionais exclusivamente. Também, usuários de dispositivos apresentaram maior consumo abusivo de álcool. Nossos achados vão em sentido oposto ao argumento da indústria do tabaco de que o público-alvo dos DEF são fumantes adultos. E, dado que grupos, a princípio, menos propícios ao uso de cigarros convencionais estão tendo sua iniciação com o DEF, os resultados alertam sobre o possível impacto negativo da disseminação dos dispositivos sobre a exitosa experiência do Brasil no combate ao tabagismo.

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and to explore the potential impact of ENDS use on smoking initiation with conventional cigarettes. We used data from the Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Non-Comunicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview (Vigitel), 2019 edition, which interviewed 52,443 individuals 18 years or older in Brazil's 26 state capitals and the Federal District. Point prevalence rates and confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for current and ever use of ENDS in each state capital, and the profile of ENDS users were described. Prevalence of lifetime use was estimated at 6.7% (95%CI: 6.13-7.27) and current use at 2.32% (95%CI: 1.97-2.68). A total of 2.4 million individuals had used ENDS any time in life, and 835,000 were currently using them. Approximately 80% of persons who had used ENDS were 18 to 34 years-old. Prevalence rates for daily use and dual use in individuals aged 18 to 24 years were nearly 10 times than prevalence in the older age groups. More than half of individuals who had ever used ENDS were never smokers. The proportion of women and individuals with high educational level were higher in the group of young people who only used ENDS than among those who only smoked conventional cigarettes. ENDS users also presented a higher proportion of binge drinking. Our findings are opposite to the tobacco industry's argument that the target public for ENDS is adult smokers. Considering that groups purportedly less prone to using conventional cigarettes are experiencing initiation with ENDS, our findings call attention to the possible negative impact of the dissemination of ENDS on Brazil's successful experience in the fight against tobacco.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia del uso de dispositivos electrónicos para fumar (DEF) e investigar el flujo lógico esperado del potencial impacto de los DEF en la iniciación de para fumar cigarrillos convencionales. Se utilizaron datos de la Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica (Vigitel) de 2019, que entrevistó a 52.443 individuos de 18 años o más de las 26 capitales brasileñas y el Distrito Federal. Se calcularon prevalencias puntuales e intervalos de confianza (IC95%) de consumo actual y en la vida de DEF en cada capital brasileña, y se evaluó el perfil de los usuarios de DEF. Se estimó una prevalencia de consumo en la vida de 6,7% (IC95%: 6,13-7,27) y consumo actual 2,32% (IC95%: 1,97-2,68). Son 2,4 millones de individuos que ya usaron DEF y 835 mil que lo usan actualmente. Cerca de un 80% de las personas que ya usó DEF tiene entre 18 y 34 años. La prevalencia de uso diario y uso dual entre jóvenes de 18 a 24 años fue casi 10 veces la prevalencia en las franjas etarias superiores. Más de la mitad de los individuos que usaron DEF en la vida nunca fumaron. La proporción de mujeres y de individuos de escolaridad más elevada es mayor en el grupo de jóvenes que usa exclusivamente DEF, que entre los que consumen cigarrillos convencionales exclusivamente. También, los usuarios de DEF presentaron un mayor consumo abusivo de alcohol. Nuestros resultados van en el sentido opuesto al argumento de la industria del tabaco de que el público-objetivo de los DEF son fumadores adultos. Y, dado que grupos, en un principio menos propicios al consumo de cigarrillos convencionales, están iniciándose con el DEF, los resultados alertan sobre el posible impacto negativo de la diseminación de los DEF sobre la exitosa experiencia de Brasil en el combate al tabaquismo.

Prevalência e fatores associados a sintomas de eczema atópico em adolescentes e adultos residentes na Região Sul do Brasil ­ Resultados do Global Asthma Network (GAN) / Prevalence and factors associated with symptoms of atopic eczema in adolescents and adults living in southern Brazil - Global Asthma Network (GAN) results

Objetivo: Embora o objetivo da Rede Global de Asma (GAN) seja entender o estado atual do eczema atópico (EA), sua prevenção e melhoria geral em seu manejo, particularmente em países de baixa e média renda, ela permite a avaliação de outras doenças alérgicas, como a asma (A) e a rinite alérgica (RA). Nosso objetivo foi determinar a prevalência de EA e fatores associados em adolescentes e seus pais/responsáveis. Método: Adolescentes (13-14 anos; n = 1.058) e seus pais/responsáveis (média = 42,1 anos; n = 896) residentes na cidade de Uruguaiana, RS, sul do Brasil, responderam aos questionários padrão do GAN. Resultados: A prevalência de EA em adolescentes foi de 8%, e a de formas graves foi de 1,3%, com predomínio no sexo feminino (67,8%). Nos adultos, a prevalência de EA foi de 3,1%. Alguns fatores de risco associados ao EA em adolescentes incluem o consumo de azeite ou de margarina. Em adultos, a exposição à umidade e manchas no passado e atual, uso de cigarros eletrônicos/narguilé, e consumo de outros laticínios foram associados a risco, e o consumo de arroz a proteção. Conclusões: A prevalência de EA em adolescentes é alta e predomina em mulheres, assim como o diagnóstico médico de EA em adultos residentes em Uruguaiana. Fatores ambientais, especialmente hábitos alimentares e umidade no domicílio, foram associados aos achados em ambos os grupos.

Objective: Although the purpose of the Global Asthma Network (GAN) is to understand the current status of atopic eczema (AE), including prevention and general improvement in its management, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, it allows the assessment of other allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of AE and associated factors in adolescents and their parents/guardians. Method: Adolescents (13-14 years old; n = 1058) and their parents/guardians (mean = 42.1 years old; n = 896) living in the city of Uruguaiana, RS, southern Brazil, completed the standard GAN questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of AE in adolescents was 8%, and that of severe forms was 1.3%, with predominance in females (67.8%). In adults, the prevalence of AE was 3.1%. Some risk factors associated with AE in adolescents include the consumption of oil or margarine. In adults, exposure to moisture and stains in the past and currently, use of electronic cigarettes/ hookahs, and consumption of other dairy products were identified as risk factors, while rice consumption was considered a protective factor. Conclusions: The prevalence of AE in adolescents is high and the disease predominates in women, as well as the medical diagnosis of AE in adults living in Uruguaiana. Environmental factors, especially eating habits and moisture at home, were associated with the findings in both groups.